Cost and Revenue Function

Algebra I Cost-Revenue Business Project This project is designed for you to demonstrate your understanding of systems of linear equations. Before starting, read the entire project outline and requirements. During this project you are to do the following: 1) Pair up with a partner and create a business that sells one commodity of your choice (points for creativity). 2) Create a Market Research Survey that will be used to survey 50 students to help you discover what potential customers are looking for in the product your group will create and sell.The survey must include a minimum of three questions. 3) Conduct the survey. 4) Create a list of fixed costs – items and prices. Consider items such as a store, equipment, furniture, advertisement, etc. Use the survey results to revise the fixed cost list if needed. Include the total fixed cost. 5) Create a list of variable costs. With each variable cost include the dollar figure calculated per unit. Once again, use the survey results to revise the variable costs list if needed.Sate the total variable cost. 6) Using the survey results and the total variable cost determine the product price. 7) Write the COST function and the REVENUE function. 8) Solve the system of equations algebraically using the substitution method AND the linear combination method in order to find the break-even point. 9) Create a model of the product. 10) Create a Power Point Presentation that includes the following: †¢ A written introduction including a description of the product. A picture of the product †¢ The completed Market Research Survey †¢ A written summary of the survey results †¢ A list of the fixed costs and the total †¢ A list of the variable costs and the total †¢ The cost and revenue functions †¢ The algebraic computations of the break-even point †¢ An accurate graphical representation of the cost and revenue functions that shows the break-even point and the regions of loss and profit (l abel all items)†¢ A written explanation of the break-even point and the profit and loss regions of the graph. 1) Prepare a 5 minute presentation in which both partners share the responsibility of discussing and demonstrating: †¢ An introduction of the business and product †¢ The product or model of the product †¢ An explanation of how the Market Research Survey was used to help develop the product, the costs, and the product price †¢ The cost and revenue functions †¢ The algebraic computation of the break-even point †¢ The graph of the cost and revenue functions, the break-even point, and the regions of loss and rofit †¢ An explanation of the break-even point and the profit and loss regions of the graph †¢ Graphing the cost and revenue functions and finding the break-even point using the graphing calculatorAlgebra I Cost-Revenue Project Names: _________________________ _________________________ Work time and due dates: You will be given t ime to get organized today, 10 minutes of class time on Feb. 10th and 11th. We will work in the computer lab on Feb. 12th & 16th. †¢ You will give your presentations on Tuesday February 17. Power Point presentations must be emailed to me ([email  protected] k12. or. us) by 7:30 am on February 17th. If I don’t have it by then you will loose ALL presentation points. Power Point †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Introduction of the business and product The product The completed Market Research Survey A written summary of the survey results An explanation of how the survey was used to help develop the product, the costs, and the product price A list of the fixed costs and total A list of the variable costs and total The cost and revenue functions

College Pressures

College Pressures In the article, College Pressures, William Zinsser shows parents the burdens that college students have while they are in school. In the essay he states the four pressures that the students face: economic, parental, peer, and self-induced. The reader can be easily confused when Zinsser first begins the essay. It starts off with someone writing notes to someone else, but who is speaking? Zinsser then follows this by fully explaining who is writing the notes, a student, and who he is talking to, his dean.He is explaining that the student is full of pressure and feels he cannot take it anymore. Zinsser makes the essay move along smoothly with the use of rhetorical questions and then answers them to prove a point he is making. The classical appeal Zinsser uses in College Pressure is ethos. He is telling the parents what is going on in the minds of the students and the pressures they build up for themselves. College Pressure is written in a fairly straightforward manner. Zinsser explains the situations without using such terminology that only college professor can comprehend.He also uses understandable metaphors that make the reading more interesting. For example, when he explains that no one is to blame for the pressures, he says, â€Å"Poor students, poor parents. They are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. † This is a classification and division essay. Throughout it, Zinsser talks about what the pressures of the students are; economic, peer, parental, and self-induced. He then separately explains how each of the pressures effects the students. Zinsser speaks in a way that makes the reader want to continue reading.He is persistent in informing the reader about the pressures and tries very hard to get his point out to the parents. It may seem that throughout the essay, Zinsser sees the students in a totally negative way. He realizes this and states it to the reader. He tells the parents, â€Å"I have painted too d rab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. † This is not his purpose at all. He is trying to explain that college is not a time to have all these extreme pressures that the students induce on themselves.He ends this essay in a way that shows the parents that lots of people go to college and change their paths several times before actually choosing what they want to be. He does this as a way of saying that it is alright to go to college unsure of what you want to be. Things will work out in the end. William Zinsser is just trying to let parents know that college students have enough on their minds and they don’t need their parents giving them a hard time about what to do with their lives. For the sake of their children, he wants the parents to be as supportive as possible.

History of Japanese Painting Odano Naotake Essay

Odano Naotake (1759 – 1780) was a painter from the Akita Ranga art school. This art school was a by-product of the ‘rangaku’, the ‘Dutch learning’. Rangaku was an important movement in eighteenth-century Japan. It is the study of Holland and the Dutch during the time that the Dutch trade post on Desjima the only connection was with the outside world and the west. Through this contact, Japan stayed informed about Western developments, such as health care and other technologies. This made Japan capable of fast modernization after the opening of the country in 1854. The Rangaku painters painted traditional Japanese themes with the use of Western techniques. The difference from the traditional paintings was the use of shadows, perspective and reflections. The painters also started using the color blue for the sky and sea. Naotake was also influenced by this new intellectual movement through Hiraga Gennai, a natural scientist and student of the Rangaky. He inspired Naotake to study these new Western painting methods as well. He moved to Edo (Tokyo) to continue his studies there. Through contacts with other painters, Naotake mastered the painting of ‘bird and flower’, which is a traditional Jananese style painting with the use of Western perspective and depth. These methods brought these paintings to a higher level, more than just decorations. Naotake also illustrated Japan’s first anatomy book, the Kaitai shinsho. This book was a Japanese translation of the Dutch book â€Å"Ontleedkundige Tafelen†, which was imported from Holland. Together with Gennai and Lord Satake Shozan (1748-85), Naotake started the Akita Ranga school of Art. When Gennai was arrested for killing a student and died shortly afterwards, Naotake was send away from his post in Edo. These developments made the school fall apart. ? Works Cited Johnson, H. Western Influence of Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005.

How effective are samsung and apple attracting customers Assignment

How effective are samsung and apple attracting customers - Assignment Example In this age of cutthroat competition, a business greatly relies on its existing customers to sustain and survive. The purpose of a business is to fulfill the demands of consumers and in turn, the customers make it possible for the business houses to achieve its aims and objectives. Customers are therefore adjudged as the most important stakeholders of a business. A business does not operate in the vacuum and therefore it is impossible for an organization to function without having any customer. Hence, it is obvious that customers are the resources upon which the sustainability and success of a firm depend on. A number of scholars have argued that to acquire and maintain a competitive edge over the rivals, organizations should try developing long term relationship with the existing customers. However, the same line it is also imperative that a company should attract new customers to increase the volume of business. Thus, the existing customers are the backbone of a company and the new customers take the company forward and help in achieving new heights (Cherunilam, 2010). Attracting new customers has always been a challenging task for the companies and those succeeded in achieving it have flourished. This piece of study is meant for analysing the significance of customer attraction in the welfare of a firm. In addition, the strategies adopted by firms in achieving high rate of customer attraction will be also evaluated. However, for this study Samsung and Apple have been chosen to analyse the effectiveness of their strategies in attracting new customers. Research Objectives The research objectives are as follows: - To identify the significance of attracting new customers for a business. To assess the effectiveness of Apple and Samsung’s strategy of attracting new consumers. Research Questions On the basis of the objectives of the research, the following are the research questions: - Q1. What is the importance of attracting new customers for a business? Q2 . What is the level of effectiveness of the strategies pursued by Apple and Samsung in attracting new consumers? Limitations of the Study A study is always coupled by certain limitations and it is characterized by the factors that impact a study negatively. The following are the limitations for this study: - The study will involve assessment of Samsung and Apple’s strategy only and hence drawing a generalized picture is not possible. Due to limitation of resources and time, the study will not be able to carry out certain activities that might have increased the overall credibility of the report. CHAPTER II - Literature Review The literature review of a study holds a vital position in a research paper. It encompasses an in-depth discussion of the published information about the topic of concern. In addition, the literature review of the study will also take into consideration the theories stated by the authors previous and an evaluation will be made about its effectiveness in the present context. For example, an author might have portrayed a certain theory which was relevant for that particular era, but the same theory might not be

Marketing and consumer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing and consumer - Essay Example The marketers, through segmentation, aim towards precisely recognising the customers’ needs and thus considering the process as to how the customers decide to choose one alternative product or service from among several alternatives. On the other side, the customers are acquainted with segmenting themselves and generally do not observe the marketers’ segmentation of the market (Wedel & Kamakura, 2000). Aimed Market Segment of La! Radio The market segment aimed by La! Radio is that of male market segment. The Chairwoman at La! Radio claims that her company’s brand is ‘men friendly’ and mentioned that her radio station wants the men to listen to their on-air programs. Through the market survey that each marketer conducts before targeting a market segment, it has been found out by the chairwoman at ‘La! Radio’ that ‘men’ hold an urge to know more and more about ‘women’. This fact is evident from the huge number of male readership to famous women magazines such as that of the ‘Cosmopolitan’ and many others. For La! Radio, in the entertainment industry, this fact with regard to the male has instigated the prospect of the male market. Answer to Question No. 2 Definition of Stakeholder A stakeholder is an entity or a person of the organisation that has a concern or stake in the actions of the organisations. ... Possible Stakeholders of La! Radio with Justification There can be five probable forms of stakeholders for La! Radio: suppliers, customers, internal entities, external entities and other stakeholders. Suppliers are the providers of equipments required for a radio station and services related to the provision of the equipments. They would hold the stake in La! Radio because it is at its initial stage and would have purchased the equipments on credit for certain time period. The suppliers would keep a close watch at the radio station’s performance so that they can receive their term amount on time. Customers would consist of the listeners who love music and holds the habit of listening to radio programs and could not leave the habit even for a single day. The internal stakeholders would be the volunteers and paid staffs who are working for their respective purposes which can be earning needs or as a passion. The external stakeholders are the competitors, universities and schools . Competitors would always keep a close watch at La! Radio’s each step to avoid intensity in the rivalry and the universities and schools would be anxious so that the entertainment programs do not hamper the students’ educational activities. The other stakeholders consist of all those who presume themselves to be stakeholders even if the radio station does not think so. Answer to Question No. 3 With the help of PRESTCOM analysis of the environmental factors that can have an impact on the establishment of La! Radio, the following factors have been evaluated: As far as the political factors are concerned, the applicant or the La! Radio would have to be eligible for holding the license under the terms and conditions of Broadcasting Acts 1990 and 1996. La! Radio should

Theoretical framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theoretical framework - Essay Example Hence the framework is an evolving design that inspires and facilitates theory and gets inspired and modified by it. The major â€Å"components† of a theoretical framework have been identified and listed as given below by Fitzpatrick and Kazer, 2011): (a) concepts that are identified and defined, (b) assumptions that clarify the basic underlying truths from which and within which theoretical reasoning proceeds, (c) the context within which the theory is placed, and, (d) relationships between and among the concepts that are identified (no page number). Following the method adopted by Schmieding (2006), this researcher has adopted an â€Å"integrative nursing theoretical framework,† a framework that has the many advantages (p.463). The benefit of an integrative theoretical framework is that it can be made as comprehensive as possible through bringing in different aspects of the same topic picked up from different theories and frameworks. The benefits, according to Schmied ing (2006) are that: It serves as a guide for both clinical and administrative decisions, forms the basis of the nursing philosophy, facilitates communication with patients and colleagues, helps identify congruent supporting theories and concepts, provides a basis for educational programmes, helps to differentiate nursing from non-nursing activities, and enhances nurse unity and self-esteem (p.463). My theoretical framework incorporates Callista Roy's adaptation model of nursing and the Orem self-care deficit model developed by Dorothea Orem and also a conceptual approach that nursing profession and education needs to have as their basic ethos, the values of equality and transparent communication (Masters, 2011; Hartweg, 1991). I have integrated these two theoretical frameworks because the Roy model has a patient-centered approach that anchors itself on the patient's adaptive abilities and the Orem model on the other hand focuses on the role of the nursing practitioner, by saying th at it is the role of the nurse to address the self-care deficits of the patient (Masters, 2011; Hartweg, 1991). In this manner, these two frameworks together gives a comprehensive new framework that integrates the role of the patient and the nurse in nursing care. This model thus balances the possible errors involved with top down and bottom up approaches. This model also facilitates proper communication just because in the Roy model and in the Orem model, the nurses have to constantly interact with the patient to find out how the status quo is evolving and what changes in their approach is needed. The Roy model views â€Å"the person as a holistic adaptive system in constant interaction with the internal and the external environment† and observes that â€Å"the main task of the human system is to maintain integrity in the face of environmental stimuli† (as cited in Masters, 2011, p.128). The role of the nurse here is only in a supportive role and â€Å"is to foster s uccessful adaptation† (as cited in Masters, 2011, p.128). The results of successful adaptation is understood as â€Å"optimal health and well-being, (†¦) quality of life, and (†¦) death with dignity† (as cited in Masters, 2011, p.129). This theoretical model has talked about three levels of human

Russian Avant-garde Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Russian Avant-garde - Term Paper Example Lincoln presents the diversity and immensity of Russian art, where despite its painful past, torn by conflict and war; it was able to produce one of greatest collections and testaments of human creativity. All this achievements in art in a nation located between the East and West, the orthodox and the modern, the religious and the secular. In all the major forms of art, the artists of Russia are put in the limelight, including the context where the artists themselves were born and educated, and where their masterpieces came into being. The book by Lincoln presents the stories of Russia’s musical composers, dance choreographers, the dancers themselves, writers, poets, the architects of Russia’s awe-inspiring landmarks, theatre directors, and actors, and in recent history, filmmakers. In the midst of turmoil their nation was constantly facing, their struggles are recounted to create and preserve their nation’s identity, into art. Hence, in perspective, Between Heav en and Hell details the success and challenges of the Russian artists to light. A number of these artists, namely: Pavlova, Tolstoy, Pushkin, Tchaikovsky , Chagall, Solzhenitzyn, Diagilev, Eisenstein, and Brodsky are only among the few of the artists whose struggles in expressing their art in the midst of political and social turmoil are revealed. The book is an illustration of the birth of art and creativity in a land where politics and art are inseparable, where art continually seeks new forms and modes of expression.

How to reach an accurate demands forecasting to avoid bullwhip effect Essay

How to reach an accurate demands forecasting to avoid bullwhip effect in the manufacturing level and lose of sales in the retailer level in the supply chain for finished goods - Essay Example he research methodology to be undertaken to find answers for the research question for controlling the bullwhip effect right from manufacturer’s level to retailer’s level. And VMI is just one of the methods and the research has to a long way to identify an ideal method. . According to the survey of the U.S. Commerce Department reported in 2002, trade in the United States is characterized by $ 1.1 trillion inventory for just $ 3.2 trillion of retail sales per year. The value of inventory in each of the supply chain is $ 400 billion at retail outlets, $ 290 billion at the wholesalers’ or distributors’ warehouses and $ 450 billion with manufacturers’ factory or warehouses locations. Where as, such a stockpile should be of a comfortable reserve in stock in trade, there is actually out-of-stock situation at all the points. It has been reported that 8.2 % of the shoppers still go without buying what they need and thus out-of-stock position represents 6.5 % of retail sales as a whole. Even if the retailers manage to supply alterative products, lost sales on account of this situation turn out to be 3.1% of the total sales. Though 3.1 % appears negligible, it is a substantial loss of retail margins at micro as well as macro level. And los s of customers’ goodwill is beside the point. It is noteworthy that this situation is not due to want of inventory or resources (Lee, 2002). This situation is brought about by what is called bullwhip effect which this research proposes to study. The seemingly negligible impact of bullwhip effect actually translates into lost sales and loss of profit of significant proportions and is therefore an important area in a supply chain that needs to be analyzed for being avoided. Accurate demand forecasting is apparently the possible solution . Therefore aim and objective of this research is to ascertain how to reach an accurate demands forecasting to avoid bullwhip effect in the manufacturing level and loss of sales in the retailer

Fictional, reflective review on academic experiences and other skills Essay

Fictional, reflective review on academic experiences and other skills acquired through internships - Essay Example While the business has grown to have a presence in eighteen nations in Asia and Europe, it is still primarily a family owned and operated entity. I am excited to work with a network of uncles and cousins in this venture, but I know that I have to complete my learning pathway so that I can make a real, meaningful contribution to the company. One of the modules that I am learning a lot from deals with a systems approach to solving problems. Many of the situations that I will face in my management career will require me to solve complex problems. These problems may be intertwined with the everyday operations of our hotels and hostels. Understanding a systems approach to solving problems will help me to untangle the many skeins that create knotty problems in a global business operation. Working through modules that involve problem solving has shown me that I have some strengths and weaknesses in the area of employability skills. I know that I need to develop strong problem solving skills in order to successfully reach the end of my learning pathway. This is obvious to me based on discussions with family members that currently are working as managers in the hospitality business. Customer service and price are the two most important aspects of our business because it is after all based on hospitality. In order to accomplish this basic mission of our business model, solving problems that keep customers from being happy with our services and problems that cause costs to rise must be solved of the business will fail. Finding solutions to problems in innovative ways is a strength I have developed as a result of work I have produced in these modules. The ability to think beyond the normal confines of business is something I have learned how to do. The key to this learning and skill acquisition centers on the willingness to be self-motivated and to take initiative when decisions need to be made. From working with my classmates, I have learned that most people shrink away f rom putting the work into solving knotty problems. It is much easier to hope that the situation will work itself out or to try to devise a quick fix that never really gets to the root of the problem. As my chosen pathway is Global Business Management, I realize that I will be working with an international clientele as well as an international set of employees. At first thought this was very exciting for me. I grew-up hearing about how operations were doing in Bangladesh compared to how things were going in Indonesia or Cyprus. As a young person, my dreams of traveling to these places and working inspired me to want to take on a role of responsibility in the family business. What I have learned over the course of my pathway is that I have a lot to learn about how other cultures work. I have always thought of myself as a broadminded and accepting individual. I have learned that many of my cultural traditions and beliefs have been challenged since I have been studying here. I have had to rethink some of the beliefs that I have always held dear. The journey along my pathway ahs shown me that I tend to be an ethnocentric thinker and that I need to overcome my tendency to think in black and white terms. Sometimes there is more than one positive solution when solving a problem given the cultural subtext. Accepting this has not always been easy for me, but I am learning and improving. Section #2 One powerful learning experience I had while working on a module involved

STAT Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

STAT - Speech or Presentation Example The mean credit card debt among households in one state is $8400. A hypothesis test is to be performed to decide whether the mean credit card debt for households in the formerly affluent town of Rich-No-More differs from the mean credit card debt for the state At one school, in 2005, the average amount of time that tenth-graders spent watching television each week was 21.6 hours. The principal introduced a campaign to encourage the students to watch less television. One year later, in 2006, the principal performed a hypothesis test to determine whether the average amount of time spent watching television per week had decreased. The hypotheses are: A correct decision would occur if, in fact, ÃŽ ¼ = 21.6 hours, and the results of the sampling do not lead to rejection of that fact; or if, in fact, ÃŽ ¼ A correct decision would occur if, in fact, ÃŽ ¼ = 21.6 hours, and the results of the sampling do not lead to rejection of that fact; or if, in fact, ÃŽ ¼ A correct decision would occur if, in fact, ÃŽ ¼ = 21.6 hours, and the results of the sampling lead to rejection of the null hypothesis; or if, in fact, ÃŽ ¼ A sample mean, sample size, and population standard deviation are given. Use the one-mean z-test to perform the required hypothesis test about the mean, ÃŽ ¼, of the population from which the sample was drawn. A researcher wishes to estimate the proportion of people within a certain population who are in favor of a national health care system. Obtain a sample size that will ensure a margin of error of at most 0.01 for a 95% confidence interval. A nationwide study of American homeowners revealed that 65% have one or more lawn mowers. A lawn equipment

Analysing the organisational approach to segmentation,targeting and Assignment

Analysing the organisational approach to segmentation,targeting and positioning - Assignment Example Procter and Gamble also acknowledged as P&G is one of the leading packaged product providers in the world. The company operates globally and offers a variety of products under different brand names. Furthermore, in the highly dynamic business environment, marketing strategy is considered to be a crucial determinant for attaining competitive advantage and for gaining profitability with the aim of surviving at the marketplace. Thus, this paper consists of critical strategic analysis of P&G related with market segmentation, target market and positioning followed in different geographical regions.Procter and Gamble, popularly known as P&G is the one of the leading consumer packaged products company. The company’s annual sales turnover is nearly US$84 billion with annual net earnings exceeding US$10billion. It has also established a brand portfolio of about US$25 billion. Additionally, the company offers a wide range of products which include household care products, grooming produ cts, personal healthcare products and beauty products among others (Procter & Gamble, 2012). The company operates its business in almost all the continents across the world. Evidently, it operates in 180 countries located in different continents. The company offers its products through grocery stores, membership club stores, discount stores and through merchandisers. Moreover, the company employs in excess of 110000 employees globally. From the critical perspective, it has been identified that markets in which P&G operate are highly competitive due to the presence of global and local competitors. Despite high competition faced by the company, it has been able to sustain its business profitability and to establish itself as one of the renowned brands across the world. It is worth mentioning that the company’s primary mission and purpose is to offer superior quality branded products and services that significantly contribute towards improving the lives of its worldwide spread c ustomers. Over the period of time, the company has prospered dramatically and is continuously able to improve its overall performance and thereby increase it revenue earnings capability. With due consideration to the above recognized facts, the paper intends to critically analyze P&G’s approach to segmentation, targeting and positioning. Furthermore, this paper entails certain valuable recommendations for the company so that it is able upheld its existing market dominance and superiority along with focusing on offering quality products to its long-list of trusted consumers. Market Segmentation Strategy It has been critically observed that as a key strategic differentiator from its close competitors, the company offers a wide range of products to its globally dispersed customer base. In general, the company’s business strategies are fundamentally focused on outsized scale operations, product innovation and development along with strong product branding in order to seek greater competitive advantages. The company’s strategy is continuously directed towards innovating new products and selling these products to its diverse assortment customers in order to attain sustainability and constant growth. Moreover, the company has made considerable investments worldwide and has significantly involved in joint ventures, acquisitions along with establishing alliances to enlarge their business operations and market reach (Graul & et. al., 2006). Additionally, the company operates under three major global business units namely P&G Household Care, P&G Family Health and P&G Beauty. Correspondingly, these global business units of the company are primarily separated into five major divisions which include Healthcare, Snacks and Coffee, Fabric Care, Baby and Family, P&G Beauty and Home Care (Graul & et.

Research Preliminaries Essay Example for Free

Research Preliminaries Essay This course is a brief overview about research design that is intended to cover the basics of designing and implementing a scientific study. Although this course will address every step of the research process, it is by no means exhaustive and is no substitute for a college level course in research methodology, nor is it a substitute for an experienced research advisor. Choosing a Topic For a researcher to choose a topic for a project, it is important to consider a broad area of inquiry and interest. This may be as broad as â€Å"global eye health† or â€Å"personality psychology,† but it should be an area that is of interest to the researcher. However, a broad area is useful only at the beginning of a research plan. Within a broader topic of inquiry, each researcher must begin narrowing the field into a few subtopics that are of greater specificity and detail. For example, a researcher may be interested in â€Å"global eye health,† but could focus more specifically on â€Å"proper eye care and how it affects individuals.† Although this topic is still too broad for a research project, it is more focused and can be further specified into a coherent project. Literature Review The literature review should be conducted early in the research process, directly after you choose a topic. A literature review can bring clarity and focus to your research problem and broaden your knowledge base in your research area. The literature review is crucial because an important responsibility in research is to add to a body of knowledge and to compare your findings with others. The procedure is simple: search the literature in your area of interest, review the selected studies, and develop a theoretical framework for your own study \What makes a good research question? Not all research questions are good ones—in other words, not all questions can be answered through qualitative and quantitative research methodology. A good research question needs to: 1. â€Å"Make sense†: In other words, you must clearly define your terms using known definitions outlined in the literature. For example, a poor research question would be: How do people’s lives improve after surgery? Not only does this research question fail to specify the study population, it contains the vague term â€Å"improve†. The researcher must specify what he/she means by this term—does it involve a physical improvement or rather an improvement in mental state? The more specific your research question, the better. 2. Address an important and relevant issue: Scientific research is done to increase knowledge, not simply for a single researcher’s personal satisfaction. Whatever question the researcher sets out to solve must have some beneficial implications. A good research question will also always have relevance to the time, place, and population of the study. Not already have been done: A good research study will be novel. This means that there will be some new aspect of the study that has never before been examined. In fact, not only is replication a good way to get a research methodology, it is how science is supposed to advance knowledge. When replicating a pervious study, it is best to add or change one or two things to increase the novelty of the research. 3. Be â€Å"operationalizable†: Oftentimes, beginning researchers pose questions that cannot be operationalized, or assessed methodologically with research instruments. From the example above, the idea of life improvement could be operationalized by a Quality of Life survey—a well known and validated research tool. In general, the more abstract the idea, the harder it is to operationalize. 4. Be within a reasonable scope: A good research project will be manageable in depth and breadth. The scope will depend on the amount of time and the availability of resources you have for your study. In general, the more focused the research question the more likely it will be a successful project. For example, a study that seeks to identify the prevalence eye disease in a specific village is more likely to succeed than a comparable study that seeks to identify eye disease prevalence in the world population. Qualitative and Quantitative Studies Not all research projects require study measures. Some research simply involves observing the results of events in the field and drawing conclusions based on a theoretical framework. Others may involve analyzing data from clinics or other institutions, using statistics and reasoning to find patterns that may have important implications. However, many projects involve direct contact with participants, using an operationalized definition of a phenomenon. These projects require well-designed measures in order to be considered valid. There are two broad categories of research: quantitative and qualitative. A study is classified as qualitative if the purpose is primarily to describe a situation, phenomenon, problem or event; the information is gathered through the use of variables or measured on qualitative measurement scales, and if analysis is done to establish the variation in the situation or problem without quantifying it. Qualitative studies tend to be more â€Å"in-depth†, focusing on a smaller population but probing deeper into a given problem. This research is often associated with focus groups, interviews or surveys and seeks to answer open-ended questions. Thematic and content analysis are two methods used to analyze qualitative data. Disciplines such as anthropology, history, and sociology are more inclined towards a qualitative approach. On the other hand, quantitative studies often use standardized measures, numerical values, have larger sample sizes, and analyze data using statistical programs. A study is classified as quantitative if the researcher seeks to quantify the variation in a phenomenon and if information is gathered using quantitative variables. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches have their strengths and weaknesses, and advantages and disadvantages. Disciplines such as epidemiology, economics and public health are more inclined towards quantitative research. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an observed relationship or a causal prediction about a relationship among several variables. Every research project is based on a hypothesis, which generally begins with a specific question. A hypothesis takes the operationalized definition of the factors to produce a clear prediction of the causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in the statement. The independent variable is a factor that the researcher can control or manipulate (whether or not a person receives basic eye care services), and a dependent variable is a factor that the researcher cannot manipulate, but instead varies in relation to the independent variable (the economic productivity of the individual). For example, a hypothesis might be â€Å"We predict that if nearsighted participants are provided with corrective lenses that bring their vision to 20/20, they will earn more money per week on average over the course of three months than nearsighted participants who did not receive corrective lenses.† When formulating a hypothesis, it is important not to try to â€Å"prove† that the hypothesis is true. Instead, one should seek to find evidence that it is not true.

Sources of finance for British Airways

Sources of finance for British Airways British Airways Plc is an international schedule airline. The main activities of British Airways Plc are the operation of international and domestic scheduled air services for the carriage of the passengers, freight and mail and the provision of ancillary services. The Companys principal place of business is London with presence at Heathrow, Gatwick and London City airport. The Company also operates a worldwide air cargo services. The Company flies more than 300 destinations worldwide. The Company supports the United Kingdom economy by providing vital leisure travel for holidays and family reunion. Outcome 1: Sources of Finance: Lack of cash is one of the biggest problems facing a business. Business would not be able to survive without cash. There are various sources of finance to activate the company. Different sources of finance apply to different circumstances. Funds are available from internal as well as external sources of finance. But each source has some advantages and disadvantages. Figure: 1 Internal sources Internal sources of finance usually have the advantage that they are flexible. They may also be obtained quickly and need not require the compliance of the other parties. Retained Profit: According to Gitman (2008)The accumulated net income that has been retained for reinvestment in the business rather than paid out in the dividends to stock holders. The amount of profit which left in the business after paying tax and distribution to stock holders that is retained profit. This money can be used for the expansion or investment of the business. When a company makes profit it does not spend it, it keeps it to use for company development or the owner can think to keep it for any future difficulties. BA had been making lots of profit for long time, it did not spend all the profits. BA has lots of Retained profit which it can use now as the company is not doing well at present. Sale of New Shares: New shares or ordinary shares form the backbone of the financial structure of a business. When BA needs fund then BA can sell their shares to the public. To sell new shares BA needs the services of agency, normally Merchant Bank. There are some problems with this source of finance like the existing shareholders might object to sale the shares to the outsiders. Right Issues: According to Atrill (2008) New stock (share) issue offered to existing stockholders (shareholders) in promotion to their current stock/shareholding, for a specific period and at a specified (usually discounted) price. Rather than taking debt, BA can ask its existing shareholders to buy some new shares to provide extra capital. This type of issue gives the shareholders the right to purchase new shares at a discount price to the market and give the existing shareholders the opportunity to increase their stock. When the companies are in trouble, especially when the companies are unable to borrow more money they usually use right issue to pay the debt. But there are some problems of right issue, such as -the value of share will be deducted so that the numbers of share can be increased. Secondly it is not certain that shareholders always getting a bargain as there is no opportunity to compare the market value. External Sources: Leasing: Leasing is like renting a piece of equipment or machinery. The business pays a regular amount for a period of time, but the item belongs to the leasing company. Leasing is cheaper than buying equipment but it is good for the short term. It also useful when the technology changes very quickly, so that it can be regularly updated and replaced. It also makes the cash flow management easy because the payment is done regularly. There are some disadvantages of leasing; it becomes very expensive for the long term because the leasing company charge fees which makes the total cost of the company greater than the original cost. Hire purchase: Business hires machineries or equipments for a period of time for which the company makes some fixed regular payments. When the fixed payment is finished the company becomes the owner of that equipment or machinery. The difference between the hire purchase and leasing is that in case of hire purchase after finishing the fixed payment the company becomes the owner of the equipment but in case of leasing the company never becomes owner, Burton and Brown (2009). Preference Share: Preference shares offer investor a lower risk than ordinary shares, provided there are sufficient profit available. Preference shares normally give a fixed rate of dividend each year and when there is any payment of dividend then the preference shareholders will be paid first. Recommendations: The most appropriate source of finance to fund the expansion and other operating activities of British Airways Plc depends on whether it is for short-term or long-term, and also on the cost and speed of arranging the finance. The internal sources of finance can be obtained quickly particularly from working capital source- and need not require the compliance of other parties, so for example, if British Airways needs to arrange fund within sort time then internal sources are appropriate, if the company needs funds for short term then the bank overdraft or loans are appropriate. However it is advisable that the company should always think about a mixture of sources. Outcome 2 Investment appraisal: One of the most important long-term decisions for any business relates to investment. According to Ennew and Waite (2007) Investment is the purchase or creation of assets with the objective of making gain in the future. Typically investment involves using financial sources to purchase machine/building or other assets for the purpose of getting returns over a period of time. The six stages of investment appraisal: Figure: 1 Project identification: British Airways need to find new opportunities for investment, generating ideas for new business development to survive and to grow the company wider. Screening for strategic fit: A lot of project could create value for a company but not for other. For selecting a particular project British airways must have to be aware of whether they need more capital and whether they have experience and skill for service Analysing in detail the implication of accepting the project: British Airways need to concern about the incriminated cash flows that could be generated by the project. For this process they need to consider the capital assets, cost, time, scale of operation and so on. Project evaluation: For this process British airways need to calculate various number of appraisal from the cash flows forecasts. Accept/ reject decision: Sometimes British airways take decision in the first stage then evaluate the project, otherwise after evaluation they decide whether to accept or reject the project. Ex-post decision review: British airways should draw lessons from the project that goes wrong and the project that goes right. Common appraisal measures which are used in British airways are as follows: Payback Period (PP) Average Rate of Return (ARR) Net Present Value (NPV) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Payback Period: According to Gitman (2008) Literally Payback is the amount of time required for the cash inflows from a capital investment in a project to equal the cash outflows. Payback periods are commonly used to estimate proposed investment and often used as an initial screening method. Payback period = Initial payment / annual cash flow So, if  £500 m is invested with the aim of earning  £700 m per year (net cash earnings), the payback period is calculated thus: P =  £500 m = 5years The shorter the payback period the better the investment. If there are two or more competing projects that are both shorter than the maximum payback period requirement then the decision maker should select the project with shorter payback period. Because using that project managers can recoup their cost within short time. Payback is perhaps the simplest method of looking at one or more investment project or ideas. Payback is popular because it is simply understandable and easy to calculate Payback uses cash flow not the profit and therefore it is difficult to manipulate. Average Rate of Return (ARR): According to Glautier (2001) The rate of earning obtained on the average capital investment over the life of a capital project; computed as average annual profits divided by average investment; not based on case flow. The average rate of return expresses the profits arising from a project as a percentage of the initial capital cost. The ARR method takes the average accounting profit; the investment will generate and expresses it as a percentage of the average investment met over the life of the process. Average annual profit ARR = ÃÆ'- 100 Average investment For example, British airways invested  £25m and expected to generate total revenues of  £50m for 5 years over the project. So  £50m à · 5 ARR = ÃÆ'- 100  £25 ARR = 40% Like payback method, ARR is also simple to understand and easy to calculate. There is also a link with some accounting measure that is commonly used. The Average Rate of Return is similar to the return of capital Employed in its construction; this may make the ARR easier for business planners to understand. The ARR is expressed in percentage terms and this also the manager easy to use. The ARR doesnt take into account of the project duration or the timing of cash flows over the course of the project. The concept of profit is very subjective and there is variation in accounting practice thats why ARR calculation would likely be different for identical project. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR): According to Shapiro (2003) The IRR is the annual percentage return achieved by a project, at which the sum of discounted cash flows over the life of the project is equal to the sum of the capital invested. Another way is that the IRR is the rate of interest that reduces the NPV to zero. Net Present Value (NPV): According to Dunn and Kilgour (2009) The Net Present Value (NPV) is an investment (project) is the difference between the sums of the discounted cash flows which are expected from the investment and the amount which is initially invested. It is the first traditional valuation method used in the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) measurement methodology. NPV is calculated by using a discount rate equivalent to the interest which would be received, or interest to be paid by the firm. Rt NPV = (1+i)t Here, Rt = net cash Flow i = interest rate t = time NPV technique is mostly used by the managers because it is very easy to calculate. When the NPV is positive it means the project is worthwhile. So if there are more than one appraisal then the project should be selected which produces the highest NPV. But the biggest problem for NPV is that a project may have more than one IRR, if the company adopt IRR similar project and invest based on previous IRR which may not be appropriate. Outcome 3: Performance analysis for British Airways: After completing the proposed investment project it is the time to evaluate the performance analysis of British Airways: Figure:1 Non-financial: Balanced score-card: According to Norton and Kaplan (2009) The balance scorecard is a strategic and management system that is used extensively in business industry, government and non-profit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications and monitor or organize performance against strategic goals. The balanced scorecard has evolved from its early use as simple performance measurement framework to a full strategic planning and management system. 12manage.com Financial Ratio analysis: British Airways produces annual and monthly financial statements to comply with record keeping requirement of the company. According to Gitman (2008) Financial ratio analysis and balanced sheet analysis ids incorporate in the financial scorecard tool, to provide a unique picture of a companys financial position 12manage.com Profitability ratio: The Profitability ratio is used to check that the company is generating an acceptable return for its owners. Gross profit margin: Gross profit represents the difference between sales value and the cost of the sales. Therefore it is a measure of profitability in buying and selling goods. Net profit margin: The net profit ratio represents the profit from trading operation before any cost of servicing long term finances are taken into account. ROCE: ROCE is considered to be a primary measure of profitability. It compares inputs (capital invested) with outputs (profit). Profitability of British Airways is growing every year that means the company is doing well and the profitability is better than Rayne Air in 2008. Liquidity Ratio: It is important for a business to be profitable, but profit is not sufficient on its own to guarantee survival. There must be sufficient liquid assets available to be forced into liquidation. Current Ratio: The current ratio is a measure of companys ability to meet its short time debts. This is important because the company could run out of cash and can be forced into liquidation even if it was making profit. Quick Assets Ratio (Acid Test Ratio): This ratio concentrates on those current assets which are immediately available to pay the creditors as and when they fall due. Total current assets are more than liabilities for British Airways in every year that means company doing well in compare to Rayne Air British Air is in better position. Efficiency Ratio: The efficiency Ratio gives an insight into the effectiveness of the companys management of the components of working capital. In year 2006 British Airways received payment within 30 days but the company made payment within 34 days, which is good for the company because the company made payment 4 days after receiving payment, other years also same situation. This is also comparatively better than Rayne Air.

Strategies for Policy Formation

Strategies for Policy Formation Loui Rhey C. Irang Problem Identification In order to truly understand the development of the policy, problem should be identified. In the setting of policy analysis, the idea of problem definition has long been introduced as the most critical and demanding task fronting the experts. The ÂÅ ½ first concern of problem definition is acknowledgement that problems do not exist in the workplace. The second concern suggests that definitions of problems in the setting of practice must meet the standards of feasibility and worth for improvement thus policy analysis is explained as identifying and shaping problems worth solving. Agenda setting considers policy change as a way to policymakers changing their inclination based on observation and needs of improvement and policies to be discontinued also are observed from time to time. Political model tend to discuss policy development as the product of changes in the arrangement of main interests. It states that somewhat the implied understanding that policy improvements are the product of the combination between power and ideas and adapting their objective to new circumstances. Learning is part of the policy making process in a way that policy assessment follows implementation and leads to correction and termination. Policy formation The definitive policy that is selected to resolve a certain issue at hand is reliant on two influences. First, the policy must be a legal way of solving the certain issues in the most effective and feasible way probable. Efficient formulation involves investigation and identification of alternative ways to solving issues. Secondly, policies need to be politically feasible so in other words policy should be plausible. Acceptable formulation must come in a political part that involves the approval of policies by genuine decision makers. This is typically accomplished through standard building in a negotiating or bargaining process. Policy formulation therefore is, composed of investigation that recognizes the most acceptable and effective policies and political agreement. Adoption After formulation of policies, it should have to be adopted by significant organisations of government in directive to be put it into effect. Adoption can be influenced by the similar issues that affect what factors move into the earlier point of agenda building. For example, policies that address the improved situations crises often carried on and can often be adopted immediately. Temporarily, influential interest organisations can use their political impact to regulate what policies are to be adopted. The media also plays an important key role in adaption of policy. When journalism and reporting are balanced, it can deliver an opportunity where discussion over numerous cases for policy adoption comes into place. When the media shows a favourable preference, it can improve a policy proposals chance of adoption. And on the other hand, an unfavourable media preference may weaken a policy proposal. Policy Implementation The next step after putting policy adoption into effect is the implementation of the policy. Effective implementation is dependent on three elements: First, policies must be approved by the government and local government officials to the proper assistance within the government administration. Therefore, a policy intended to impose traffic safety by limiting on the quantity of drunk drivers would be first submitted to law enforcement officials for approval then for implementation. If there is no present agency that has the abilities to carry out a certain policy, new agencies must be recognized and operated. The second element vital to efficient implementation of policy is a clear interpretation. Legislative objective must be expounded into operational rules and guidelines. Vagueness in this period can lead to participation by the judiciary that will lead the legislators to explain their conclusions and worth for policy implementation. Judiciary may override the policies’ implementation where legislative commitment cannot be effectively rendered into appropriate operating guidelines and rules The final element required in effective implementation of policy is difficult to accomplish. The commitment of resources under the first element must be combined with coordination of the policy to implement the policy with on-going operations. A new edge or agency must not cause extreme competition or disagreement with current agencies. Policy implementation should be on great deal of direction to avoid further complication when policies are being submitted to the agencies. Policy formulation is frequently the result of cooperation and representative use of politics. Implementation executes a large amount of both decision and confusion in initiatives or agencies that implement policies. Bureaucracy should be competent enough to help in the policy implementation process. Policy Evaluation The last policy process is policy evaluation. Policy evaluation can happen at different times. Organisation Administrators pursuing to develop operations may assess policies as they are in implementation. Policies can be further evaluated to understand their overall effectiveness after policies have been implemented. There are many ways policies may be evaluated but they can be often not evaluated at all. Scientific and formal research consume a lot of time, costly and complicated to design and to implement. Policy evaluation also tends to be contaminated with unfairness unlike more informal evaluations concentrated on stories and feedbacks are more manageable. 2. Workplace As a healthcare professional I might advocate to influence policies with regards to workplace culture. Workplace culture is centred on the shared attitudes and values including belief towards work outlooks within the organisation and business. It is important to give respect to organisation and workforce culture. It is vital to develop a workplace culture that redirects organisation’s own values as the administrator or business owner. It is why in this case hiring the right staff is such an important element in the on-going success of the business. Setting out clear lines of communication is important as you introduce policies to the business or organisation, it is significant to set out a plan for communication ensuring each new policy is presented and introduced to the workforce in the similar way. It’s also significant to take note that communication comes in two ways as both the owner and the management workforce should encourage the staffs to share their input to t he process. Best ideas sometimes come from staff who usually facing customers Government and professional organisation As number of aged people is constantly increasing in the country, it is important for the Government to allocate enough funding to healthcare facilities that will address needs in the Aged care. As a healthcare professional, I will advocate these needs through convincing professional organisation for the Aged, who are recognized by the government, to promote this advocacy to the government. Professional organisations for aged care may have the proficient knowledge of the issue in promoting the idea of government funding as their organisation or group is related to the healthcare promotion trying to rise. They can direct the point right way to the legislators. Community Volunteering in a local community can be tempting to think that national policy creates slight difference to what people do. As a healthcare professional, I would like to advocate to the homicides connecting mental disability. It is safe to the country to be free from discrimination and crime rates. In terms of discrimination, mentally ill individuals should have fair and therapeutic way of treatment. In terms of crime rate, government should implement strict policy in thorough assessment of mentally ill individuals. Further research in diagnosing, assessing and treating should be done. In this case, mentally ill individual will not be released in the mental health services if not properly rehabilitated and treated. Follow-up observation after discharge should be included in the policy. In this case, crime rates relating mental illness will decrease. 3. A. Garbage can model The garbage can model, talking about the uncharted field of organizational chaos which is categorized by problematic preference, technology that is not clear and fluid participation, tried to develop organizational decision theory. The theoretical development of the garbage can model is it disconnects organisational problems, decision makers and solutions from each other, unlike the traditional decision theory. Definite decisions do not entail a methodical process from problem to resolution, but are results of numerous reasonably independent streams of measures within the organization. Political Bargaining model The political bargaining model sees organisations as screaming and alive political arenas that involve a multifaceted variety of entities and interest groups. An organisation is considered as an association of dissimilar interest, it sees the organisation as having conflicting and multiple goals which change as the balance of changes in power. In this system, decisions and outcomes are the product of the bargaining behaviour. Interest groups and individuals come in into bargaining circumstances in a way to affect decision making and goals in the system. Bargaining is continued as long as they believe that they will get benefit from resuming on participating in the process. Individuals not need to settle on values and goals. Bargaining is only they agreed on. B. Structured Decisions Structured Decision Making is an organized method to recognizing and assessing resourceful options and building selections in complex decision circumstances. SDM is planned to bring understanding to decision or judgment makers about how well their goal and objectives may be contented by probable substitute courses of action. It more focuses and helps find ‘win-win’ resolutions across groups, illuminates the complicated interchanges that are present and may exist between different potential sequences of action and aids to communicate how individuals perspective on these various options. Key Ideas includes Structured Decision Making uses laborious methods established in the decision and healthcare sciences. Structured Decision Making is predominantly useful for decisions concerning the combination of technical investigation with value-based discussions. Structured Decision Making has been amended for spot decisions and is accommodating for assisting multiple disciplinary stakeholder involvement and technical planning. Unstructured decisions The unstructured decisions are the unexpected and non-programmed decisions that are happening for the first time for example, dealing with a labour strike in the company. At the other finale of the range are unstructured decisions. Unstructured decision may have the same mechanisms as structured decision components like process, data, and evaluation. There is little agreement on their nature. Unstructured decisions, for instance, each decision maker may use dissimilar processes and data to grasp an assumption. The organization qualified to evaluate the decision may only have a limited number of people because of the nature of the decision. It is therefore concluded that unstructured decisions are prepared through instances in which all components of the organisation’s business environment customer, competitor response expectations, cost of obtaining raw materials and others are not totally assumed. Unstructured decision systems usually focus on the persons who or the group that will mark the decision and judgement. These decision makers are typically trusted with decisions that are unstructured because of their expertise and experience; it is their distinct ability that is of worth. Strategic decisions Chosen substitute that influence significant factors which conclude the achievement of an organizations decision strategy. To compare it, a strategic decision influence the daily implementation of steps required to reach the goals of a strategy. Strategic decisions are those which influence the long term presentation of the business and which are directly related to its purposes and objectives. They are commonly taken at the uppermost levels of management and bring higher levels of risk. The advantage However, effective strategic decisions bring high levels of reward. Operational decisions Operational decisions happen and take place on a day to day basis and are made in perspective or view of the risk to the organisation business. More often these decisions are in nature administrative in a way and can be done and implemented rapidly and tend to bring tiny risk. Talking about an organisation that all employees at different level yield and do operational decisions daily, an instance might be when to arrange and re-order a specific thing of stock and another could be to define number of how many operative staff will be compulsory to complete a certain task. Operational administrative decisions scale may be small, but are however still important selections that individuals have to make to achieve their roles. As other employees are working in an open culture, where there is also discussion of information and communal trust, they sense empowerment to take and do decisions. This sense and feeling of empowerment mean that the organisation paybacks from speed nature of decision or judgement. Open lines of communication inspire coming in and free flow of accurate and reliable information. These things lead to better together, learned decision-making at all levels. Reference Electronic Source: Boundless. â€Å"Policy Formulation.† Boundless Political Science. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014. Retrieved 18 Nov. 2014 from https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/domestic-policy-15/policy-making-process-95/policy-formulation-514-6174/ http://www.hdc.org.nz/media/200416/factsheet%20two%20-%20homicide%20and%20mental%20illness.pdf http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/npower/developing-people-through-decision-making/operational-decisions.html#ixzz3JY2SdiiC

Richard Daley Essays -- Biography Biographies Essays

Richard Daley Boss, Richard J. Daley of Chicago written by Mike Royko depicts the life of Richard J. Daley and his career as the leading political influence in the city of Chicago. Considered by many as the last of the true â€Å"Bosses† Daley represented all that was considered machine politics. During his twenty-year reign as Mayor extensive urban expansion, political extortion, and a clear disregard for social justice characterize his administration. Royko clearly presents Daley’s performance as Mayor in an objective perspective identifying his accomplishments as well as his weaknesses. He provides the reader a record of Richard J. Daley the person, the politician, the Mayor and the corruption that plagued his political machine. Richard was born on May 15, 1902 to Lillian and Michael Daley. He was raised in a flat on 3602 South Lowe in the segregated neighborhood of Bridgeport, on the south side of Chicago. This simple Irish community made up of mostly blue-collar workers exhibited all the characteristics of a small town with â€Å"taverns, the funeral parlor, the bakery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (31). Chicago was home to a diverse collection of ethnic cultures: English, Irish Protestants, Polish, Italian, Jewish and African American. It is this diversity of community and the conflict persistent along the boundaries of racial differences, which Royko suggests, carved Daleys’ resilient personality. His father provided for the family by working as sheet-metal worker, while his mother volunteered at the local Church. Information regarding his childhood is limited, except for the fact that it was â€Å"typical and happy† (33). His early education included a strict curriculum provided by the nuns at Nativity C hurch and part-time jobs selling papers. After completing elementary he continued his education at De La Salle Institute, a three-year commercial high school. His education focused on developing office skills such as typing and bookkeeping. After graduating in June of 1919, Royko mentions Daley’s questionable involvement in the south side race riots as a member of the Hamburg Social and Athletic Club. Considered as the worst race riots in the city's history leaving "15 whites and 23 blacks dead, 178 whites and 342 blacks injured. About one thousand homes were burned† (36). Daley refused to respond to questions regarding his involvement in the rioting, but he could not deny, as Royko po... ... led by Edward Hanrahan raided a Black Panther apartment in search of unregistered guns. â€Å" When the raid was over they had the guns, and two panther leaders were dead†¦Fred Hampton†¦and Mark Clark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (211). Royko’s representation of Richard J. Daley provides his readers an impartial glimpse into the obscure life of a true political power. Daley’s genius in gaining control as mayor of Chicago and then sustaining it from 1955 to 1976 characterizes his tenacity as politician. His explicit understanding of machine politics and use of patronage centralized the power of his administration. On one hand his constituents admire him for his contribution toward urban expansion, influence on the Democratic Party, and patronage of friends and family. On the other hand he is resented for his destruction of homes in the name of progress, corruption of local government, and absolute rule over his city. Royko concludes his colorful story on Richard Daley in quoting Alderman Paddy Bauler in his statement after Daley was first elected in 1995 as saying † Chicago ain’t ready for reform yet, â€Å"(214). Royko completes Bauler’s statement as saying " And in 1970, ready or not, it wasn’t getting any.†(214)!

Essay --

Genetically altered Importation and Exportations of Food Most of America’s food is processed or genetically engineered. Since the dawn of agriculture, biochemists study our food. Our food is gets new additives every day; however, it is difficult to keep food good without certain chemicals and additives. The debate about processed foods or genetically engineered food increases due to the genetically modified food organizations in Europe. The European Union continues to ban more and more food subjugated to the genetically modified (GMO) category. The US concludes that banning GMOs is not necessary. Europeans believe that it is their right to know what they eat; however, Americans should have the same right as well. Americans should have the right to know what additives are it their food. Genetically modified food should be labeled genetically modified or GMO. â€Å"Seventy percent of US foods are processed† (A-1). In addition, are chemical ingested. This process genetically engineered to make them stay fresh during the import or export process. Our food in the US processed in many ways. For example, farmers spray wheat with pesticides so that insects and unwanted animals will not contaminate them. â€Å"In most of the food items that we have come to know as processed foods, foods such as cookies, crackers, cereal, and yogurt are all crammed with chemicals that’ll let it sit on a shelf for a good long time† (A-2). Chemicals used to keep food fresh and stay fresh for longer period than what the expiration date says. Foods like cereal can be placed on a shelf at home and easily stay fresh a lot longer than what the expiration date says. People wonder if their product is safe. If a product is able to stay fresh in abnormal places, it most likel... ... concerned bout having enough food for the mass majority of the American population the US concludes that banning GMOs is not necessary. Europeans believe that it is their right to know what they eat; however, Americans should have the same right as well. Americans should have the right to know what additives are it their food. Genetically modified food should be labeled genetically modified or GMO in order to sease all debates with the American and European union. Not only is it the European union there are small organision debates that benach out all over the world. Ameircan food organisastions argue because they demand to know what is in there food. If the American union would agree to label all food items that are GMO, â€Å"GMO† the European union as well as America could save a ton of money annually because they wouldn’t have to spend it importation food testing.

Hello? - Original Writing :: Papers

Hello? - Original Writing The women slid into the luxurious crumpled white leather sofa and let the tide of cushions envelop her. Bathed in the subtle light she sat, gazing mindlessly into her TV. Inside the spacious living room, the large mirror hung majestically over the ornate stone fireplace and the traditional rug from South Africa was stretched out on the glossy, wooden floor; well positioned ornaments were placed around the room, giving it soul and life. And a soothing snug sound from the grandfather clock floated around the room. Warm-hearted pictures of friends, family and of her husband gave the room a familiar character. The TV flickered and fuzzed and a smart, well spoken, serious looking newsreader began with the bad news as usual, but this time, it was much more significant. The women immediately sat up, with an uneasy look spreading over her face. She leaned forward and listened carefully to the incoming news report. The man strode forward through the bushes, as he passed he brushed aside the leaves and felt the soft squelch of mud under his boots. As he reached the path the gravel crunched, and ground as the stones gnashed together. Catching a stone from the new red brick wall it shattered into fragments. The light from the street lamp glinted off his watch which he quickly covered up, stopping on his way to scratch his thick, dark, grainy stubble; he made his way to the house. The last rays of light had fallen and now the dark had completely covered the ground. The eeriness crept in, and like some unsure sign, it made itself known but not visible. There was something there, and she could feel it. She walked to the front door looking left, then looking right as she took each step, and with every glance she expected to see something she did not want to. Her keys jostled and echoed in the high ceiling hallway and with her slightly quivering hands she found it hard to place the key in the lock, but just as the

Photo Manipulation Essay

Image manipulation is everywhere on are daily life. It is a type of digital art. It is a unique way to describe editing photos and adding filters and special effects to photographs in order to make an illusion or define through digital means. Photo manipulation has been commonly used to deceive or convince viewers. It can be simply a photo which colors have been converted, or a photo that has been painted over, usually they use photoshop, but there are other softwares what can we use for manipulating images, image manipulation is an art as well. Photo manipulation is done for a number of purposes. More infamously, it is for political or sensational purposes. However, photo manipulation is also an art form in its own right (www. brightclub. com). The photographs have been manipulated in darkrooms for decade. Before computers, photo manipulation was achieved by retouching with ink, paint, double exposure, piecing photos or negatives together in the darkroom, or scratching Polaroids. Airbrushes were also used, whence the term â€Å"airbrushing† for manipulation. The first recorded case of photo manipulation was in the early 1860s, when a photo of Abraham was altered using the body from a portrait of John C. Calhoun. The 1980s saw the advent of digital retouching with Quantel computers running Paintbox, and Scitex imaging workstations being used professionally Silicon Graphics computers running Barco Creator became available in the late 1980s which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by Adobe Photoshop (wikipedia).

Benifits of Foreign Travel Essay

Specific Purpose To in determine my consultation of the benefits of passing to other cultures. Titleanother(prenominal) Life Thesis/Central mentation denounce Its rattling substantial and full to carry apart c ar of ourselves physic each(prenominal)y, amiablely, and beliefu only(prenominal)y, exclusively few ever think to expenditure traveling as a beam to assist in the expectoration of whole common chord. Introduction Attention Getter Taking a holi daylight is on eitherbodys to do cite solely according to a learning conducted by the Families and Work Institute exclusively round half of the Statesns function their wax 2 weeks of spend each year. instigate audience to listen I found this odd, hardly when I examined my let invigorationtime I found I seaportt taken an actual vacation in over 10 years. CredibilityIt just some topic Ive always seemed to brush off by saying Oh well up, Ill just take a nice vacation following(a) year, but the following year the a same thing happens and before you learn it you harbourt had a vacation in over a decade. europiumans embrace this thought of vacation al or so religiously. In atomic number 63 vacations are guaranteed by law.In countries want Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, employers are mandatory to provide up to 20 eld of paid leave. Ameri passels, on the other hand, micturate an average of 12 days every year and on average use ab come on half. Central Idea Its important to suppose that we are not machines and that we can and do live on burnt out. When this happens it can disturb everything from our productivity in the work show up to our personal relationships with our spouse, children, friends, and family. Depression can take a real side exploit and take control of a life we at erst duration loved.So it is important to thingmabob a break from our everyday life and take time to Stop and belief the roses (Unk this instantn). Travelling to outside cultures is just iodine way to know different thoughts and i deliberates for dealing with day to day life. Preview of pointsdarn many Americans realize the importance of staying fit by example it is way more important and beneficial for healthier, happier living to understand that staying fit pith more than lifting weights or going for a run, but working out our bodies, our minds, and our spirit in rear to live a true healthier life style. alteration Sentence So lets bugger off by dissertateing the physical benefits of distant travel. Body I. First and just about unadorned t present pass on be a few physical benefits from foreign travel that will be very obtrusive from the very first day. A. Walking 1. Whether you vacation in Europe or Asia it very doesnt matter so prospicient as you charter forth from America or Canada. Every angiotensin-converting enzyme else in the entire human organismss seems to move everywhere. This may sound scary for those who exactnt seen the ins ide of a gym in a dapple or in some suits ever, but later on awhile you wont n angiotensin-converting enzymetheless(prenominal) telling how much youve walked.Youll croak so immersed in all that youre eyesight and experiencing that its not until you return to your direction at night or until you model for a while that you begin to notice that both youre feet now submit a pulse. 2. The second sounds a poker chip unbelievable, but after a few days of walking nearly and once I begin to recognize the landscape. I usually have made a few friends with some of the locals steady if I dont speak the language. on that point is a plenitude than can be utter with hands, faces and a smile, but once this happens I cant patron but to begin to feel like this could be my second interior(a). B. Food 1. epoch Europe and Asia do have close nutrition franchises most will prefer out in order to experience more of the culture being visited. This is very true especially if youre a fan of the food back foot. In my case nothing beats trusty Spanish Paella or Italian anything. however in most cases youll be consume a bit healthier while visit and may not stock-still notice. Most food around the world is not processed like it is here in the states. Dont nonplus me wrong Wendys and McDonalds can be pretty delicious, but Id rather eat real food everyday I just cant cook as well as those guys in Italy or even the guys Olive Garden for that matter. . Throughout the day you may dabble in a few different wines, but for the most part youll find water to be the beverage of choice. Unless, youre a beer or soda connoisseur wishing to strive some of the local but undetected to you refreshments. Towards the end of the day you may arrest a bottle or twain of wine, but in your defense One, youre in a new res publica representing America and you wouldnt want to be rude. Two, wine itself in reasonable quantities is really good for the blood stream thence good for your h eart so BAME, dickens-bagger WhammyThree, what better way to interact with locals or other fellow touring car than over a couple eyeglasses of wine or beer under a star lit canopy dinning outdoors? II. Next we will discuss a couple of the mental benefits that you will become sensitive of throughout the trip. A. So, First in order to begin this awesome run a risk it is absolutely crucial to learn this ane lesson about vacation otherwise you shouldve stayed home and burnt every dollar you fagged for this trip. So here is the first mental benefit of going on vacation. Its learning how to actually take a vacationThe very first thing we must learn is actually the most difficult we must be fair and true to ourselves that we are on vacation for the sake of nothing more than our own well being and revitalization. With that being said we must let go of our octogenarian lives if only for the week or two we are on vacation. 1. So first, its absolutely important not to work, discuss work or think about work even as a second thought. Your life back home is on pause until you return. 2. Second dismantle any and all easily operable ties to your life back home.Of course if you have children and have to check on them that is an exception, but leave your cell phone, laptop and tablet, PDA, beeper in your room. Give the number to the confront desk to anyone back home in case of emergency. There is always someone at the front desk and you never have to chafe about reception. 3. The first two move is to ensure that your mind receives the break it deserves from prescript life. B. So now that you have pass judgment the fact that youre on vacation and are enjoying or not enjoying all this walking.You will decidedly notice things that are different compared to home. 1. Your mind will definitely become broadened by every one of your comprehends. As every sense becomes titillated each sensation will become forever locked in your memory and you may notice to compare a lot what you experience to something similar back home. 2. As each day passes you may begin to see how differently other cultures deal with life problems. I slopped everyone around the world has to deal with work problems, relationships, and out of control children, but its how we deal with them that tends to cast the better of us.You may take a few notes just by reflection how people just seem to not sweat the small things in Europe and Asia. It seems to me they as we as Americans live to work, the rest of the planet works just teeming to live. Perhaps thats why they get more vacation and work less hours. When was the hold out time an American moil force took a siesta? III. Finally we will discuss the ghostlike benefits that come from foreign travel. A. First off, I must refer myself clear that when I use the explicate spiritual I do so in a general sense of the word.I do not mean to use it in direct conjunctive towards any God or religion. While most people do debate i n a supreme being of some kind some reckon in science or no God at all, but unheeding of what we believe we all have a sense of self therefore we all have a sort of spirit. 1. A very possible but unconvincing event of spiritual revitalization is the adaptation of religion. 2. A more likely form of spiritual revitalization may by chance come from the peace and tranquility that one may find while visiting a spa or in a quiet location away from everything. 3.Once a peace has been apt(p) to the spirit, you will become refreshed and determine to continue with life annoying minuscule problems but after a while you will become more aware of when you need a break. Transition Sentence So let takes one last quick look at all we have covered today. Conclusion We now know that a vacation is a lot more than time away from work. We have discussed the three parts of us that benefit from vacation the physical, mental and spiritual and the importance of keeping all three areas in shape in or der to obtain a more blessed existence.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.